Luce Township was first settled about 1810; David Luce was among the first pioneer settlers.
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 53.32 square miles, of which 53.12 square miles (or 99.62%) is land and 0.19 square miles (or 0.36%) is water.
The incorporated town of Richland City is located within Luce Township along with the unincorporated towns of Hatfield and Eureka.